A Solution to the Protostellar Accretion Problem

Accretion rates of order 10^-8 M_\odot/yr are observed in young protostars of approximately a solar mass with evidence of circumstellar disks. The accretion rate is significantly lower for protostars of smaller mass, approximately proportional to the second power of the stellar mass, \dot{M}_accr\propto M^2. The traditional view is that the observed accretion is the consequence of the angular momentum transport in isolated protostellar disks, controlled by disk turbulence or self--gravity. However, these processes are not well understood and the observed protostellar accretion, a fundamental aspect of star formation, remains an unsolved problem. In this letter we propose the protostellar accretion rate is controlled by accretion from the large scale gas distribution in the parent cloud, not by the isolated disk evolution. Describing this process as Bondi--Hoyle accretion, we obtain accretion rates comparable to the observed ones. We also reproduce the observed dependence of the accretion rate on the protostellar mass. These results are based on realistic values of the ambient gas density and velocity, as inferred from numerical simulations of star formation in self--gravitating turbulent clouds.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, ApJ Letters, in pres

Limits to the Mass and the Radius of the Compact Star in SAX J1808.4--3658 and Their Implications

We show that a survey of equations of state and observations of X-ray pulsations from SAX J1808.4-3658 give 2.27 solar mass as the upper limit of the compact star mass. The corresponding upper limit of the radius comes out to be 9.73 km. We also do a probabilistic study to estimate the lower limit of the mass of the compact star. Such a limit puts useful constraints on equations of state. We also discuss the implications of the upper mass limit for the the evolutionary history of the source, as well as the detection of it in radio frequencies. We envisage that the possible observation of radio-eclipse may be able to rule out several soft equation of state models, by setting a moderately high value for the lower limit of inclination angle.Comment: 7 pages, 1 table, 2 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

Spherical Accretion

We compare different examples of spherical accretion onto a gravitating mass. Limiting cases include the accretion of a collisionally dominated fluid and the accretion of collisionless particles. We derive expressions for the accretion rate and density profile for semi-collisional accretion which bridges the gap between these limiting cases. Particle crossing of the Hill sphere during the formation of the outer planets is likely to have taken place in the semi-collisional regime.Comment: ApJ Letters, 3 page

Dialogicity in Individual and Institutional Scientific Blogs

The paper focuses on variation across institutional and individual scientific blogs, i.e., blogs that are managed by journals, magazines or associations involved in the dissemination of scientific information and blogs that are managed by individual researchers. Using comparable corpora of posts from different scientific disciplines, look in particular at markers of dialogicity, i.e., the representation of participants (markers of self-reference, reader-reference, as well as representation of the scientific community and markers of attribution), markers of communicative action (organizational units and metastatements), and evaluative dialogue (evaluative lexis and dialogic contraction or expansion). Concordance analysis of keywords and key-phrases (as calculated by Wordsmith Tools 8.0) shows that blogs managed by individual scientists emphasize personal voice and interpersonal elements, while institutional blogs are comparatively more informational. Dialogicity markers are shown to contribute to defining how bloggers manage subjective and intersubjective positioning and construct their credibility, thus defining the nature of their relation to the audience and ultimately the functions of blogging

Inverse Compton X-rays from the radio galaxy 3C 219

We report the results from a Chandra observation of the powerful nearby (z=0.1744) radio galaxy 3C 219. We find evidence for non-thermal X-ray emission from the radio lobes which fits fairly well with a combination of inverse Compton scattering of Cosmic Microwave Background radiation and of nuclear photons with the relativistic electrons in the lobes. The comparison between radio synchrotron and IC emission yields a magnetic field strength significantly lower (about a factor 3) than that calculated under minimum energy conditions; the source energetics is then dominated by the relativistic particles.Comment: 5 pages, 2 color figures, Accepted for publication in MNRAS pink page

Algorithmic construction of static perfect fluid spheres

Perfect fluid spheres, both Newtonian and relativistic, have attracted considerable attention as the first step in developing realistic stellar models (or models for fluid planets). Whereas there have been some early hints on how one might find general solutions to the perfect fluid constraint in the absence of a specific equation of state, explicit and fully general solutions of the perfect fluid constraint have only very recently been developed. In this article we present a version of Lake's algorithm [Phys. Rev. D 67 (2003) 104015; gr-qc/0209104] wherein: (1) we re-cast the algorithm in terms of variables with a clear physical meaning -- the average density and the locally measured acceleration due to gravity, (2) we present explicit and fully general formulae for the mass profile and pressure profile, and (3) we present an explicit closed-form expression for the central pressure. Furthermore we can then use the formalism to easily understand the pattern of inter-relationships among many of the previously known exact solutions, and generate several new exact solutions.Comment: Uses revtex4. V2: Minor clarifications, plus an additional section on how to turn the algorithm into a solution generalization technique. This version accepted for publication in Physical Review D. Now 7 page

Magnetically Accreting Isolated Old Neutron Stars

Previous work on the emission from isolated old neutron stars (IONS) accreting the inter-stellar medium (ISM) focussed on gravitational capture - Bondi accretion. We propose a new class of sources which accrete via magnetic interaction with the ISM. While for the Bondi mechanism, the accretion rate decreases with increasing NS velocity, in magnetic accretors (MAGACs="magics") the accretion rate increases with increasing NS velocity. MAGACs will be produced among high velocity (~> 100 km s-1) high magnetic field (B> 1e14 G) radio pulsars - the ``magnetars'' - after they have evolved first through magnetic dipole spin-down, followed by a ``propeller'' phase (when the object sheds angular momentum on a timescale ~< 1e10 yr). The properties of MAGACS may be summarized thus: dipole magnetic fields of B~>1e14 G; minimum velocities relative to the ISM of >25-100 km s-1, depending on B, well below the median in the observed radio-pulsar population; spin-periods of >days to years; accretion luminosities of 1e28- 1e31 ergs s-1 ; and effective temperatures kT=0.3 - 2.5 keV if they accrete onto the magnetic polar cap. We find no examples of MAGACs among previously observed source classes (anomalous X-ray pulsars, soft-gamma-ray repeaters or known IONS). However, MAGACs may be more prevelant in flux-limited X-ray catalogs than their gravitationally accreting counterparts.Comment: ApJ, accepte

Hairy Black Holes and Null Circular Geodesics

Einstein-matter theories in which hairy black-hole configurations have been found are studied. We prove that the nontrivial behavior of the hair must extend beyond the null circular orbit (the photonsphere) of the corresponding spacetime. We further conjecture that the region above the photonsphere contains at least 50% of the total hair's mass. We support this conjecture with analytical and numerical results.Comment: 5 page

Authoritarianism, Hostility Toward Women, Attitudes Toward Violence, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Sexual Aggression

Almost one out of every five women has been, or will have been, the victim of sexual aggression and/or rape in their lives (National Institute of Justice, 2000). This staggering statistic exemplifies the importance of speculating which traits are related to, or are predictive of, sexually aggressive behavior. Based on previous research, the current study investigated relationships between authoritarianism, hostility toward women, attitudes toward violence, and rape myth acceptance, as related sexual aggression in undergraduate men It was projected that authoritarianism, hostility toward women, attitudes toward violence, and rape myth acceptance would significantly and positively predict all dimensions of sexual aggression as measured by the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire including manipulative sexual behavior, coercive sexual behavior, sexual assault, attempted rape, rape, and fantasy rape. Respondents were 67 male college students who attended a large public university in southeastern Virginia. Participants completed the Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale (Altemeyer, 1981), the Hostility Toward Women Scale (Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1995), the Attitudes Toward Violence Scale (Lonsway & Fitzgerald, 1995), the Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (Burt, 1980), the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire (Lisak & Roth, 1988; derived from the Sexual Experiences Survey, Koss & Oros, 1982), and a demographic information questionnaire. Logistic regressions were performed to determine whether the aforementioned variables predicted men\u27s endorsement of sexually aggressive behavior. Results of the logistic regressions revealed that rape myth acceptance was the only significant predictor of any subscale of sexual aggression examined. More specifically, rape myth acceptance significantly and positively predicted attempted rape, rape, and fantasy rape; therefore, beliefs about rape appear closely related to behaviors that constitute rape. Results of the study as well as strengths and limitations are discussed in detail